Like pomegranates, glass-making arrived in Egypt in the New Kingdom, perhaps also as an import from western Asia. The latter use is perhaps likelier for the smaller, green jar, which depicts the fruit in its unripened state, when the juice is too sour to drink. These two jars were made to hold pomegranate juice, probably as a drink but perhaps also for medicinal purposes. The juice is also helpful in treating stomach disorders such as dysentery and diarrhea. The root of pomegranate trees is prescribed in medical papyri as a vermifuge against intestinal worms its active ingredient, pelletrin, is still used for this purpose. Their juice was prized as a drink but can also be used as an astringent to shrink tissues and reduce swelling in wounds. Pomegranates were introduced into Egypt from western Asia in the New Kingdom. There are three categories of injuries-"an ailment I will handle" (describing injuries for which a known cure existed) "an ailment I will fight with" (denoting one whose treatment was less certain) and "and ailment for which nothing is done" (meaning one for which no practical treatment was known). The injuries listed are consistent with those sustained in war or construction. The work includes descriptions, examination procedures, diagnoses, and practical treatments for forty-eight distinct injuries, beginning at the top of the head and ending at the shoulder blades and chest. On the basis of the handwriting, it has been dated to about 1600 B.C., but on the basis of language (and errors in transcription), the work is believed to be a copy of another text that was written some three centuries earlier. There are other documents such as the Hearst Papyrus written in 1450 BC and the Berlin Papyrus dating back to 1200 BC that also provide valuable information on ancient Egyptian medicine.The Edwin Smith Papyrus is named after its original owner, Edwin Smith, an American Egyptologist (1822–1906) who purchased it in Luxor in 1862. It is the oldest surviving medical text of any kind. It also contains documents revealing an awareness of the nature of tumors along with instructions on removing a tumor.Īs for the Kahun Papyrus, it addresses women's complaints, including pregnancy problems, and dates back to 1800 BC. Some of them include “magical” cures, because Egyptian beliefs regarding magic and medicine were often intertwined. Meanwhile, the Ebers Papyrus, written around 1550 BC, contains 877 recipes for a variety of ailments. The medical information contained in Edwin Smith Papyrus dates back to before 3000 BC and is therefore seen as an educational guide. Treatments consist of ointments made from animal or plant materials, fruits or minerals and there is evidence that oral surgery was performed as early as the Fourth Dynasty (2900-2750 BC). However, it is considered a copy of several earlier texts. It is the oldest known treatise on surgery, detailing anatomical observations, and the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of many diseases. Written around 1600 BC, the Edwin Smith Papyrus was named after the merchant who bought it in 1862. The translation of the Rosetta Stone allowed the translation of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions and papyri, including the Ebers Papyrus, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, the Hearst Papyrus, the London Medical Papyrus and others dating back to 2900 BC. Also, the famous Kahun Papyri mentions topics of veterinary treatment. There are 13 medical papyrus manuscripts from the era of the Pharaohs that give an accurate description of the pathological conditions, as well as some prescriptions and drugs for treatment. CAIRO – 16 November 2022: Ancient Egyptians could perform highly sophisticated medical practices that confirm their advancement in medicine.
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